Page 116 - Microsoft Word - FINAL COPY - A Legal Guide to Investing in Iraq _12-7-2015_ _6_.docx

Note: In Iraq, this immunity is referred to as
“judicial immunity,” not sovereign
immunity, and it means that the State is
immune when it acts as a sovereign (e.g.,
when the government appoints an
ambassador).
SECTION 31. LANGUAGE OF
CONTRACT
The parties agree in which language the
contract will be interpreted in the event of a
dispute. This clause is common in cross-
border transactions. While a contract may be
executed in more than one language, only
one language should be selected to prevail in
the event of a dispute arising from the
language of the contract.
Note: It is advisable to match the language
of the contract with the jurisdiction of the
governing law to minimize the potential for
disputes regarding the text.
KEY LEGAL TERMS
As Soon as Practicable: A standard phrase
that generally means as soon as is feasible in
a particular situation, or as soon as a party is
reasonably capable of fulfilling the
applicable obligation or endeavor. A
determination of the objective facts
surrounding its use is important when
assessing what is deemed to be “as soon as
practicable.”
Best Efforts: This term means using diligent
efforts to carry out an obligation and
includes doing everything known to be
usual, necessary and proper for ensuring the
success of the endeavor. As a standard, a
best-efforts obligation is stronger than a
“good faith” or “reasonable efforts”
obligation. Best efforts are gauged by the
measures that a diligent and reasonable
person would make in the same
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‫ ﯾﻔﻀﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺮاق أن ﯾُﺸﺎر إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻨﺎزل ﻋﻦ‬:‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬
‫"اﻟﺤﺼﺎﻧﺔ" ﺑﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﺤﺼﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﯿﺔ وﻟﯿﺲ اﻟﺤﺼﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ﻣﺤ ّﺼﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺼﺮف‬،‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎدﯾﺔ‬
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﯿّﻦ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬،‫ﻛﻜﯿﺎن ذي ﺳﯿﺎدة )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬
.(ً‫ﺳﻔﯿﺮا‬
‫ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬.31 ‫اﻟﻘﺴﻢ‬
‫ﯾﺤﺪد اﻻﺗﻔﺎق ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﻓﯿﻦ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﯿﻔﺴﺮ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ وﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ‬.‫ﺧﻼﻟﮭﺎ وھﺬا اﻟﻨﺺ ﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺤﺪود‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺮﯾﺮ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺔ ﯾﺠﺐ إﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻟﻐﺔ واﺣﺪة‬
.‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗُﻐﻠّﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺪوث ﻧﺰاع ﻧﺎﺷﺊ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬
‫ ﯾﻔﻀﻞ ان ﺗﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﻊ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬:‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻦ إﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت ﺣﺪوث ﻧﺰاع ﺣﻮل اﻟﻨﺺ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬
‫ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﻨﺎھﺎ‬:‫ﺑﺄﺳﺮع وﻗﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً أﻧﮫ ﻓﻲ أﺳﺮع وﻗﺖ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ أو ﻓﻲ‬
‫أﺳﺮع وﻗﺖ ﯾﻜﻮن طﺮف ﻗﺎدراً ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻘﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺠﺎز‬
‫ وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﮭﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻊ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﯿﺔ‬.‫اﻹﻟﺘﺰام أو اﻟﻤﺴﻌﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ ﻣﺎ ھﻮ "أﺳﺮع وﻗﺖ ﻣﻦ‬
."‫اﻟﻨﺎﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬
‫ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﺠﮭﻮد اﻟﺤﺜﯿﺜﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬:‫أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﺠﮭﻮد‬
‫إﻟﺘﺰام وﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺊ ﻣﻌﺮوف ﺑﺄﻧﮫ ﻋﺎدي وﺿﺮوري‬
‫ وﻋﺎدة ﯾﻜﻮن إﻟﺘﺰام أﻓﻀﻞ‬.‫وﻣﻼﺋﻢ ﻟﻀﻤﺎن ﻧﺠﺎح اﻟﻤﺴﻌﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺠﮭﻮد أﻗﻮى ﻣﻦ إﻟﺘﺰام "اﻟﻨﻮاﯾﺎ اﻟﺤﺴﻨﺔ" وإﻟﺘﺰام "اﻟﺠﮭﻮد‬
‫ وﺗُﻘﺎس أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﺠﮭﻮد ﺑﺎﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﺨﺬھﺎ‬."‫اﻟﻤﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ظﺮوف وﻧﻔﺲ طﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﻄﺮف‬
.‫اﻟﻤﺘﺼﺮف‬